Elucidating the physicochemical and structural properties of Ganoderma lucidum spores: Comparative analysis of various disruption techniques

This study evaluated Ganoderma lucidum G2 spores (GLS) using various processing techniques: vibrating milling, ball milling, and autoclaving. Broken GLS via vibrating and ball milling showed higher lipid content (22.89% and 22.50%) but lower L*, a*, and b* values compared to intact GLS. Vibrating milling achieved the highest sporoderm-broken rate (98.27%). Ball milling resulted in the highest lipid oxidation. Vibrating milling yielded the highest bioactive compounds, and both methods increased DPPH-RSA values. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated varying Tmax values: non-broken GLS (106.56 °C), vibrating milling (92.77 °C), ball milling (97.58 °C), and autoclaving (109.35 °C). FT-IR spectra showed triterpenes, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed increased crystallinity with vibrating milling (37.12% to 47.99%). Both milling methods altered GLS structure to a disintegrated, pancake-like form. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated significant carbon and oxygen concentrations. This study provided crucial insights for utilizing GLS.