Are All Allyship Attempts Helpful? An Investigation of Effective and Ineffective Allyship

Allyship is portrayed by scholars as universally helpful to those in marginalized groups, but acts of intended allyship are not always seen as effective by recipients. In three studies, we define effective and ineffective allyship attempts, consider individual differences that may influence perceptions of allyship, and evaluate outcomes. Effective allyship was characterized by increasing inclusion and acceptance, effectively challenging bias, empowering the recipient, and advocating for them. Allyship missteps involved not acknowledging privilege, not recognizing identity differences, not addressing biases, lacking skill, or offering dependency-oriented help. Ineffective allyship was negatively related to psychological safety and positive affect and positively related to anxiety and negative affect for marginalized group members, with the reverse occurring for effective behaviors. Many of these effects were stronger in magnitude for marginalized group members who were higher in stigma consciousness and identity centrality. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.