Spatiotemporal variations of the d ( O 2 / N 2 ) , CO 2 and d ( APO ) in the troposphere over the Western North Pacific

We analyzed air samples collected onboard a cargo aircraft C-130 over the western North Pacific from May 2012 10 to March 2020 for atmospheric d(O2/N2) and CO2 amount fraction. We corrected for significant artificial fractionation of O2 and N2 caused by thermal diffusion during the air sample collection by using the simultaneously-measured d(Ar/N2). The observed seasonal cycles of the d(O2/N2) and atmospheric potential oxygen (d(APO)) varied nearly in opposite phase to that of the CO2 amount fraction at all latitudes and altitudes. Seasonal amplitudes of d(APO) decreased with latitude from 34 to 25° N, as well as with increasing altitude from the surface to 6 km by 50–70 %, while those of CO2 amount fraction decreased 15 by less than 20%. By comparing the observed values with the simulated d(APO) and CO2 amount fraction values generated by an atmospheric transport model, we found that the seasonal d(APO) cycle in the middle troposphere was modified significantly by a superposition of the northern and southern hemispheric seasonal cycles due to the inter-hemispheric mixing of air. The simulated d(APO) underestimated the observed interannual variation in d(APO) significantly, probably due to the interannual variation in the annual mean air-sea O2 flux. Interannual variation in d(APO) driven by the net marine biological 20 activities, obtained by subtracting the assumed solubility-driven component of d(APO) from the total variation, indicated a clear evidence of influence on annual sea-to-air (air-to-sea) marine biological O2 flux during El Niño (La Niña). By analyzing the observed secular trends of d(O2/N2) and CO2 amount fraction, global average terrestrial biospheric and oceanic CO2 uptakes for the period 2012–2019 were estimated to be (1.8±0.9) and (2.8±0.6) Pg a-1 (C equivalents), respectively. 25