Dynamics of CTCF- and cohesin-mediated chromatin looping revealed by live-cell imaging.

Animal genomes are folded into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs) by CTCF and loop-extruding cohesins, but the live dynamics of loop formation and stability remain unknown. Here, we directly visualized chromatin looping at the TAD in mouse embryonic stem cells using super-resolution live-cell imaging and quantified looping dynamics by Bayesian inference. Unexpectedly, the loop was both rare and dynamic, with a looped fraction of approximately 3 to 6.5% and a median loop lifetime of approximately 10 to 30 minutes. Our results establish that the TAD is highly dynamic, and about 92% of the time, cohesin-extruded loops exist within the TAD without bridging both CTCF boundaries. This suggests that single CTCF boundaries, rather than the fully CTCF-CTCF looped state, may be the primary regulators of functional interactions.