BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), pp. 1234-1240, 2019.
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large scaleNaver Smart Machine LearningConditional Random Fieldbiomedical literaturef1 scoreMore(15+)
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Abstract:
Biomedical text mining is becoming increasingly important as the number of biomedical documents rapidly grows. With the progress in machine learning, extracting valuable information from biomedical literature has gained popularity among researchers, and deep learning has boosted the development of effective biomedical text mining models. ...More
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Introduction
- The volume of biomedical literature continues to rapidly increase. On average, more than 3000 new articles are published every day in peer-reviewed journals, excluding pre-prints and technical reports such as clinical trial reports in various archives.
- There is increasingly more demand for accurate biomedical text mining tools for extracting information from the literature.
- Recent progress of biomedical text mining models was made possible by the advancements of deep learning techniques used in natural language processing (NLP).
- Other deep learning based models have made improvements in biomedical text mining tasks such as relation extraction (RE) (Bhasuran and Natarajan, 2018; Lim and Kang, 2018) and question answering (QA) (Wiese et al, 2017)
Highlights
- The volume of biomedical literature continues to rapidly increase
- Compared with most previous biomedical text mining models that are mainly focused on a single task such as named entity recognition (NER) or question answering (QA), our model BioBERT achieves state-of-the-art performance on various biomedical text mining tasks, while requiring only minimal architectural modifications
- Note that there are several other recently introduced high quality biomedical NER datasets (Mohan and Li, 2019), we use datasets that are frequently used by many biomedical natural language processing (NLP) researchers, which makes it much easier to compare our work with theirs
- F1 scores were used for NER/relation extraction (RE), and MRR scores were used for QA
- We showed that pre-training BERT on biomedical corpora is crucial in applying it to the biomedical domain
- The following updated versions of BioBERT will be available to the bioNLP community: (i) BioBERTBASE and BioBERTLARGE trained on only PubMed abstracts without initialization from the existing BERT model and (ii) BioBERTBASE and BioBERTLARGE trained on domain-specific vocabulary based on WordPiece
Methods
- BioBERT basically has the same structure as BERT. The authors briefly discuss the recently proposed BERT, and the authors describe in detail the pre-training and fine-tuning process of BioBERT.
3.1 BERT: bidirectional encoder representations from transformers
Learning word representations from a large amount of unannotated text is a long-established method. - According to the authors of BERT, incorporating information from bidirectional representations, rather than unidirectional representations, is crucial for representing words in natural language.
- The authors hypothesize that such bidirectional representations are critical in biomedical text mining as complex relationships between biomedical terms often exist in a biomedical corpus (Krallinger et al, 2017).
- Due to the space limitations, the authors refer readers to Devlin et al (2019) for a more detailed description of BERT
Results
- 4.1 Datasets
The statistics of biomedical NER datasets are listed in Table 3. - The authors used the pre-processed versions of all the NER datasets provided by Wang et al (2018) except the 2010 i2b2/VA, JNLPBA and Species800 datasets.
- The relatively low scores on the LINNAEUS dataset can be attributed to the following: (i) the lack of a silver-standard dataset for training previous state-of-the-art models and (ii) different training/ test set splits used in previous work (Giorgi and Bader, 2018), which were unavailable.
- BioBERT achieved the highest F1 scores on 2 out of 3 biomedical datasets
Conclusion
- The authors used additional corpora of different sizes for pre-training and investigated their effect on performance.
- Figure 2(a) shows that the performance of BioBERT v1.0 (þ PubMed) on three NER datasets (NCBI Disease, BC2GM, BC4CHEMD) changes in relation to the size of the PubMed corpus.
- Figure 2(b) shows the performance changes of BioBERT v1.0 (þ PubMed) on the same three NER datasets in relation to the number of pre-training steps.
- The pre-released version of BioBERT (January 2019) has already been shown to be very effective in many biomedical text mining tasks such as NER for clinical notes (Alsentzer et al, 2019), human phenotype-gene RE (Sousa et al, 2019) and clinical temporal RE (Lin et al, 2019).
- The following updated versions of BioBERT will be available to the bioNLP community: (i) BioBERTBASE and BioBERTLARGE trained on only PubMed abstracts without initialization from the existing BERT model and (ii) BioBERTBASE and BioBERTLARGE trained on domain-specific vocabulary based on WordPiece.
Summary
Introduction:
The volume of biomedical literature continues to rapidly increase. On average, more than 3000 new articles are published every day in peer-reviewed journals, excluding pre-prints and technical reports such as clinical trial reports in various archives.- There is increasingly more demand for accurate biomedical text mining tools for extracting information from the literature.
- Recent progress of biomedical text mining models was made possible by the advancements of deep learning techniques used in natural language processing (NLP).
- Other deep learning based models have made improvements in biomedical text mining tasks such as relation extraction (RE) (Bhasuran and Natarajan, 2018; Lim and Kang, 2018) and question answering (QA) (Wiese et al, 2017)
Methods:
BioBERT basically has the same structure as BERT. The authors briefly discuss the recently proposed BERT, and the authors describe in detail the pre-training and fine-tuning process of BioBERT.
3.1 BERT: bidirectional encoder representations from transformers
Learning word representations from a large amount of unannotated text is a long-established method.- According to the authors of BERT, incorporating information from bidirectional representations, rather than unidirectional representations, is crucial for representing words in natural language.
- The authors hypothesize that such bidirectional representations are critical in biomedical text mining as complex relationships between biomedical terms often exist in a biomedical corpus (Krallinger et al, 2017).
- Due to the space limitations, the authors refer readers to Devlin et al (2019) for a more detailed description of BERT
Results:
4.1 Datasets
The statistics of biomedical NER datasets are listed in Table 3.- The authors used the pre-processed versions of all the NER datasets provided by Wang et al (2018) except the 2010 i2b2/VA, JNLPBA and Species800 datasets.
- The relatively low scores on the LINNAEUS dataset can be attributed to the following: (i) the lack of a silver-standard dataset for training previous state-of-the-art models and (ii) different training/ test set splits used in previous work (Giorgi and Bader, 2018), which were unavailable.
- BioBERT achieved the highest F1 scores on 2 out of 3 biomedical datasets
Conclusion:
The authors used additional corpora of different sizes for pre-training and investigated their effect on performance.- Figure 2(a) shows that the performance of BioBERT v1.0 (þ PubMed) on three NER datasets (NCBI Disease, BC2GM, BC4CHEMD) changes in relation to the size of the PubMed corpus.
- Figure 2(b) shows the performance changes of BioBERT v1.0 (þ PubMed) on the same three NER datasets in relation to the number of pre-training steps.
- The pre-released version of BioBERT (January 2019) has already been shown to be very effective in many biomedical text mining tasks such as NER for clinical notes (Alsentzer et al, 2019), human phenotype-gene RE (Sousa et al, 2019) and clinical temporal RE (Lin et al, 2019).
- The following updated versions of BioBERT will be available to the bioNLP community: (i) BioBERTBASE and BioBERTLARGE trained on only PubMed abstracts without initialization from the existing BERT model and (ii) BioBERTBASE and BioBERTLARGE trained on domain-specific vocabulary based on WordPiece.
Tables
- Table1: List of text corpora used for BioBERT
- Table2: Pre-training BioBERT on different combinations of the following text corpora: English Wikipedia (Wiki), BooksCorpus (Books), PubMed abstracts (PubMed) and PMC full-text articles (PMC)
- Table3: Statistics of the biomedical named entity recognition datasets
- Table4: Statistics of the biomedical relation extraction datasets
- Table5: Statistics of biomedical question answering datasets
- Table6: Test results in biomedical named entity recognition BERT
- Table7: Biomedical relation extraction test results
- Table8: Biomedical question answering test results BERT
- Table9: Prediction samples from BERT and BioBERT on NER and QA datasets
Funding
- This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Korea government (NRF-2017R1A2A1A17069645, NRF-2017M3C4A7065887, NRF-2014M3C9A3063541).
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