A formal framework for combining natural instruction and demonstration for end-user programming.

ABSTRACTWe contribute to the difficult problem of programming via natural language instruction. We introduce a formal framework that allows for the use of program demonstrations to resolve several types of ambiguities and omissions that are common in such instructions. The framework effectively combines some of the benefits of programming by demonstration and programming by natural instruction. The key idea of our approach is to use non-deterministic programs to compactly represent the (possibly infinite) set of candidate programs for given instructions, and to filter from this set by means of simulating the execution of these programs following the steps of a given demonstration. Due to the rigorous semantics of our framework we can prove that this leads to a sound algorithm for identifying the intended program, making assumptions only about the types of ambiguities and omissions occurring in the instruction. We have implemented our approach and demonstrate its ability to resolve ambiguities and omissions by considering a list of classes of such issues and how our approach resolves them in a concrete example domain. Our empirical results show that our approach can effectively and efficiently identify programs that are consistent with both the natural instruction and the given demonstrations.