PO₄^3--doped layer @ spinel @ rGO sandwich-structured lithium-rich manganese-based cathode material with enhancing rate capability and cycle stability for Li-ion battery

The Li-rich Mn-based cathode (LRM) material faces challenges like low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and reduced capacity retention, which limit their commercial viability in high energy density lithium -ion batteries (LIBs). These challenges primarily arise from the irreversible migration of transition metal ions (TMn+) and the escape of lattice oxygen. Herein, this study proposes a novel approach to enhance Li-rich cathodes by implementing a PO43--doped layer @ spinel @ rGO sandwich structure, which effectively addresses the aforementioned challenges. Through the synergistic effects of PO43- doping and rGO surface modification, the modified samples demonstrate remarkable electrochemical properties. These include an impressive initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 87.54%, and a superior capacity of 187.12 mAhg(-1) and 149.44 mAhg(-1) at 25(degrees)C and 45(degrees)C, respectively, following 200 cycles at 1 C-degrees. Additionally, they exhibit an outstanding rate capability of 82.3 mAhg(-1) at 10 C-degrees and a minimal voltage decrease of 0.504 V after 200 cycles. The synergetic strategy presented in this work serves as an inspiring source for the exploration of high energy density and long -cycle cathode materials.