Chinese stalagmite ¹⁸O records reveal the diverse moisture trajectories during the middle to late last glacial period

Based on 30 high-resolution U-Th dating controls, we reconstruct stalagmite delta O-18 records from 45 to 15 thousand years ago (ka B.P., before AD 1950) from the Shizhu Cave, which is located in southwestern China under the influence of both the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM). By integrating with the other stalagmite delta O-18 records in Asia during the middle to late last glacial, our results reveal two main moisture trajectories: one from the Indian Ocean, through the Shizhu Cave towards central China, and the other from the Pacific Ocean to central and northern China. The systematic decrease of the average values of stalagmite delta O-18 records from oceans to inland China reveals a spatial pattern of water vapour fractionation and moisture trajectory during the middle to late last glacial. In contrast, the variation amplitude, which is defined as the departures apart from the background delta O-18 records during Heinrich stadials 1 to 4 (HS1-HS4), show an increasing trend from the coastal oceans to mid-latitude inland China, presenting a 'coastal-inland' pattern, which can be interpreted by the enhanced East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) and the weakened EASM. More specifically, the enriched stalagmite delta O-18 records in the EASM region during HS1 to HS4 are caused by the decreased summer rainfall amount or/and the increased proportion of summer moisture resources from the Pacific Ocean. These new observations deepen our understanding of the complicated stalagmite delta O-18 records in the EASM region.