Recent developments on graphene oxide and its composite materials: From fundamentals to applications in biodiesel synthesis, adsorption, photocatalysis, supercapacitors, sensors and antimicrobial activity

Graphene oxide (GO), a 2-dimensional (2-D) monolayer of graphite, has drawn a lot of importance due to its accessibility and material compatibility. It can be produced by mechanically stirring or sonicating graphite oxide to exfoliate it into layered sheets. Due to high stability, 2-D planar structure, huge surface area, easy chemical adaptation via its functionalities, efficient surface loading with many biomolecules, and optical, electrical, and mechanical capabilities, GO and its derivatives are quickly emerging as the most intensely studied carbon-based materials in a number of fields. In this review, we provided a thorough overview of GO, synthesis of pristine and GO-based composites as well as their applications in the field of biodiesel synthesis, adsorption, photodegradation, electrochemical applications along with biological significance and their antimicrobial efficiency. Owing to their distinctive features, GO has garnered interest in the realm of catalyst. The synthesis of biodiesel via the process of transesterification using GO-based supported catalyst is highlighted herein. Similarly, the adsorption and photodegradation of several organic dyes and effluents are also discussed in this article. Finally, the electrochemical and biological importance of GO and its derived materials is discussed in relation to attractive materials trends by highlighting its future scope and commercial implications.