Failures of laminates under nonpenetrative impacts

Various failures of laminates under low-velocity impacts without penetration are simulated systematically with a limited number of inputs, all measurable following existing standards without any data calibration. No iteration is required to determine any of the failures investigated in this work. Any two adjacent lamina (primary) layers are inserted with a matrix (secondary) layer, whose stresses are modified through two modification coefficients (MCs). The MCs are determined through peak loads of double cantilever beam and end-notched flexure tests on unidirectional laminates, and their weak sensitivity to sample dimensions is shown. Delamination is reproduced by deleting failed secondary-layer elements. The homogenized stresses of fiber and matrix obtained by Bridging Model are converted into true values through the author’s true stress theory to estimate constituent-induced intralaminar failures, such as fiber breakage, matrix crack and interface debonding, against the monolithic fiber or matrix strengths measured independently. Primary- layer elements attaining a fatal failure (fiber breakage or matrix crack accompanied with a critical strain condition) are deleted before an impact termination corresponding to separation of the impactor from target. The predicted delamination areas and impact force, displacement and energy histories for the laminates of three lamination angles under different impact energies agree well with our measured counterparts, validating the efficiency of the simulation.