Laboratory experiments of melting ice in warm salt-stratified environments

Melting icebergs provide nearly half of the total freshwater flux from ice shelves to the ocean, but the availability of accurate, data-constrained melting rate parametrisations limits the correct representation of this process in ocean models. Here, we investigate the melting of a vertical ice face in a warm, salt-stratified environment in a laboratory setting. Observations of the depth-dependent melting rates m and boundary layer flow speed U are reported for a range of initially uniform far-field ambient temperatures T-alpha above 10 degrees C. Ice scallops are characteristic features observed in all experiments, with the width of the scallops consistent with the theory of double-diffusive layers. The morphology of the scallops changes from symmetric about the scallop centre in the colder experiments to asymmetric in the warmer experiments. Observed melting rates are consistent with a melting rate scaling of the form m proportional to U Delta T-a proposed by previous work in less extreme parameter regimes, where Delta T-a is the magnitude of thermal driving between the ambient and ice-fluid interface. Our results indicate that ice scalloping is closely linked to the naturally convecting flow of the ambient fluid. Depth-averaged melting rates depend on the buoyancy frequency in the ambient fluid, and double-diffusive convection promotes a turbulent-flux regime distinct from that explained previously in an unstratified regime. These findings have implications for parametrising melting rates of icebergs and glaciers in numerical models or potential freshwater harvesting operations, and provide insights into the interplay between stratification and ice melting.