Hydrogen vehicles and hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles: A-State-of-the-Art review

As the development of hydrogen fuel cell cars moves from concept to mass production, customers need safe, practical, and easy refueling experiences. The performance and lifetime of fuel cell stacks, as well as other operational factors like valve functioning, are greatly influenced by the purity of hydrogen. The advances achieved by earlier researchers in promoting hydrogen as a possible significant fuel source for the future are fully examined in this publication. Hydrogen is an energy carrier that has the potential to replace fossil fuels. It may be used as a fuel source for cars that run on fuel cells as well as internal combustion engines. To minimize aberrant combustion, extra consideration has to be given to engine design when considering hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines. This strategy may result in higher power output, lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and enhanced engine efficiency. The research explores the designs of fuel cell cars that use hydrogen by converting it into energy as well as the designs of internal combustion vehicles fueled by hydrogen via combustion. In addition, hybrid variants of these cars are shown for a thorough comprehension of the topic. The article also looks at the structure and future possible benefits of hydrogen fuel cell electric cars in the context of the automotive sector; these topics are covered in a separate section.