Reuse of Grape Pomace and Wheat Bran for Biosynthesis of On-site Lignocellulose-degrading Enzymes by Trametes villosa and Trichoderma asperellum Under Solid State Fermentation

In this study, the biosynthesis of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes by Trametes villosa and Trichoderma asperellum, in monocultures and in consortium, was evaluated via solid state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran (WB) and grape pomace (GP) as carbon sources. Among the investigated enzymes, ß-glucosidase exhibited the highest production (218.91 U/gds) (units per gram of dry substrate) in SSF carried out with T. villosa and WB as substrate (F4). The peaks of hemicellulases (19.39 U/gds for ß-xylosidase and 170.28 U/gds for xylanase) were produced in SSF performed with fungal consortium and WB. The maximum laccase biosynthesis (16.5 U/gds) was obtained by T. villosa cultured in the mixed GP and WB substrates. The β-glucosidase from T. villosa (F4) showed optimal pH and temperature at 4.5 and 65 °C, as well as pH stability at 4.5–5.5 and thermostability at 45–65 °C, demonstrating acidophilic and thermophilic properties which are suitable for future application in saccharifications. The findings provided the efficient management of these agro-industrial by-products for the enzyme production with potential use in biorefinery.