Harnessing animal waste proteins for eco-friendly packaging films: A sustainable approach towards SDG-12

Background The traditional reliance on plastic as the principal packaging material for food poses important problems in the context of promoting sustainable development objectives, particularly SDG-12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. Despite its cost-effectiveness and durability, research suggests that the non-biodegradable nature of plastic, stemming from robust carbon bonds in condensation polymerization and the use of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol in polyethylene terephthalate production, contributes to plastic debris accumulation in ecosystems, harming wildlife. Utilizing animal byproducts, like feathers, feet, skin, bones, cartilage, and tendons, rich in proteins such as whey, keratin, and gelatin, offers potential for creating sustainable packaging films. This study assesses not just the environmental impact of plastic but also aligns with broader objectives like responsible consumption, production, and the promotion of a circular economy. Scope and approach This review investigates the distinct properties such as transparency, tensile strength, water/gas barrier properties, low cost, biodegradability and low toxicity, etc of waste proteins produced from animal industry wastes. These proteins, possessing essential functional groups and amide linkages, efficiently interact with various composites. Furthermore, they exhibit notable characteristics such as antioxidant and antibacterial activity, transparency, and exceptional physical and mechanical capabilities. The investigation highlights the films' potential to serve as a viable replacement for petroleum-based plastics, adding to the overarching objective of responsible use and production. Key finding and conclusions This review supports the feasibility of composite materials with properties like transparency, tensile strength, antibacterial, and antioxidant features, akin to traditional plastic films. By using cost-effective organic waste proteins, these films offer an environmentally friendly substitute for petroleum-based plastics. The transformative potential lies in utilizing affordable organic waste proteins for eco-friendly packaging films, replacing conventional plastics, and endorsing sustainable alternatives aligned with responsible consumption and production practices. Challenges include raw material compatibility, strength attainment, source variability, and energy-intensive protein purification. Future studies are vital to refining purification techniques and ensuring economic viability. Embracing sustainable packaging enhances well-being and environmental health, aligning with responsible consumption.