Characteristics of Cancer Stem Cells and Their Potential Role in Endometrial Cancer

Simple Summary In this manuscript, the characteristics of cancer stem cells and their potential role in endometrial cancer are explored. An understanding of the mechanisms behind cancer stem cells in endometrial cancer is crucial because these cells potentially play a key role in how the cancer grows and spreads. The authors aim to review the most recent data concerning cancer stem cells in endometrial cancer, especially biomarkers which could enable identification and prognosis. The determination of signalling pathways crucial for the functioning of cancer stem cells could help with the design of effective treatment strategies.Abstract Endometrial cancer is one of most common types of gynaecological tumours in developing countries. It has been suggested that cancer stem cells play an important role in the development of endometrial cancer. These are a subset of highly tumorigenic cells with similar features to normal stem cells (unlimited proliferation, multi-potential differentiation, self-renewal, aggressiveness, invasion, recurrence, and chemo- and endocrine therapy resistance). Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedghog, and Notch1 are the most frequently activated pathways in endometrial cancer stem cells. The presence of cancer stem cells is associated with the resistance to chemotherapy caused by different mechanisms. Various markers, including CD24, CD40, CD44, CD9, CD133, and CD 166, have been identified on the surface of these cells. A higher expression of such markers translates into enhanced tumorigenicity. However, there is no strong evidence showing that any of these identified markers can be used as the universal marker for endometrial cancer stem cells. Growing data from genomic and proteomic profiling shed some light on the understanding of the molecular basis of cancers in humans and the role of cancer stem cells. However, there is much left to discover. Therefore, more studies are needed to fully uncover their functional mechanisms in order to prevent the development and recurrence of cancer, as well as to enhance treatment effectiveness.