A comprehensive review on ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles as feasible therapeutic nano-agents against diseases

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) are lipid-membrane nanovesicles derived from different edible plant species (e.g., ginger, grape, carrot, and lemon), showing therapeutic applications (e.g., anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities). In this context, ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GDENs) derived from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) have shown versatile biomedical potentials, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. These nanoparticles with salient advantages of a suitable internalization rate, low immunogenicity/toxicity, stability in the gastrointestinal tract, and the ability to pass the blood-brain barrier can be considered potential candidates for drug delivery and cancer therapy. However, challenges still exist regarding their separation/isolation processes, optimal preparation conditions, and industrialization/commercialization, as well as clinical translation studies and systematic in vitro/in vivo analyses. GDENs are considered an accessible, low-cost drug, or even drug carriers, for different diseases owing to their potential applications such as bioactive molecules, therapeutics mRNAs, enzymes, and other cargoes. In this review, our primary objective is to delve into the most recent breakthroughs in the field of GDENs. We have extensively examined their intricate structures, essential components, various isolation techniques, and the wide range of biomedical applications they offer. In addition, we have discussed the significant challenges that researchers face when working with GDENs and shed light on the future prospects of this innovative technology. The latest advancements in the biomedical applications of GDENs are discussed, including their structures, components, isolation methods, current challenges, and future perspectives.