The GAPS Programme at TNG LV. Multiple molecular species in the atmosphere of HAT-P-11 b and review of the HAT-P-11 planetary system
Astronomy & Astrophysics(2024)
摘要
The atmospheric characterisation of hot and warm Neptune-size exoplanets is
challenging due to their small radius and atmospheric scale height. The
warm-Neptune HAT-P-11b is a remarkable target for such characterisation due to
the large brightness of its host star (V=9.46 mag; H=7.13 mag). The aims of
this work are to review the main physical and architectural properties of the
HAT-P-11 planetary system, and to probe the presence of 8 molecular species in
the atmosphere of HAT-P-11b at high spectral resolution in the near-infrared.
The planetary system was reviewed by analysing transits and occultations of
HAT-P-11b from the Kepler data set as well as HIRES at Keck archival
radial-velocity (RV) data. We modelled the latter with Gaussian-process
regression and a combined quasi-periodic and squared-exponential kernel to
account for stellar variations on both (short-term) rotation and (long-term)
activity-cycle timescales. In order to probe the atmospheric composition of
HAT-P-11b, we observed 4 transits of this target with GIANO-B at TNG. We find
that the long-period (P∼9.3 years) RV signal previously attributed to
planet HAT-P-11c is more likely due to the stellar magnetic activity cycle.
Nonetheless, the Hipparcos-Gaia difference in the proper-motion anomaly
suggests that an outer-bound companion might still exist. For HAT-P-11b, we
measure a radius R_ p=0.4466±0.0059 R_ J, a mass M_
p=0.0787±0.0048 M_ J, and an eccentricity
e=0.2577^+0.0033_-0.0025, in accordance with values in the literature.
Probing its atmosphere, we detect NH_3 (S/N=5.3, significance=5.0σ)
and confirm the presence of H_2O (S/N=5.1, significance=3.4σ). We
also tentatively detect the signal of CO_2 (S/N=3.0,
significance=3.2σ) and CH_4 (S/N=4.8, significance=2.6σ),
whose presence need to be confirmed by further observations.
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