Antibacterial and mechanical properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles modified glass ionomer cement

This study was conducted with the primary objective of enhancing the properties of Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), a widely utilized restorative material in Dentistry, through the incorporation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). The synthesis of CeO2 NPs employed the co-precipitation method with mushroom extract, and different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 wt%) were integrated into commercially available GIC powder via a solid-state reaction. Thorough characterization using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) validated the successful synthesis of CeO2 NPs. The modified CeO2 NPs modified GIC demonstrated a substantial improvement in microhardness, compressive and tensile strength, as well as antibacterial activity when compared to the conventional GIC (p < 0.001). This noteworthy enhancement addresses critical limitations inherent to GIC, such as poor mechanical strength and susceptibility to secondary caries, presenting promising applications in Dentistry. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and evaluation of the optical properties using the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color system was done. These tests affirmed the non-toxic nature of the material and revealed color values closely resembling those of human teeth and widely used restorative materials. This alignment with the natural tooth color not only adds an aesthetic dimension to the material's superiority but also underscores its potential for seamless integration within the oral environment. The clinical significance of this research lies in the potential advancement of GIC, not only in terms of improved mechanical and antibacterial properties but also in ensuring safety and aesthetic compatibility. The findings of this study hold promise for the development of superior dental materials, suggesting a positive trajectory towards enhanced clinical outcomes and addressing current challenges in restorative dentistry, particularly in pediatric applications.