Gender difference in the relationships between macronutrients and all-cause mortality in individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity

This study is to investigate sex differences in the effects of macronutrient quantity, quality and timing on mortality in metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) populations. The study included 18345 participants, including 9204 men and 9141 women. Cox proportional risk model and isocaloric substitution effects were used to examine the association of macronutrient intake and subtype with all-cause mortality in the MUO populations. After adjusting for the potential covariates, The risk of all-cause mortality was elevated in men in the highest 25% percentile of poor-quality carbohydrates compared with men in the lowest quartile (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.40, 2.98). Compared with women in the lowest quartile, the risk of all-cause mortality for women in the highest 25% percentile for high quality carbohydrates (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.99), and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.93) can be decreased. In female, replacing low-quality carbohydrates with high-quality carbohydrates on an isocaloric basis reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by about 9%. We find that different macronutrient consumption subtypes are associated with all-cause mortality in MUO populations, with differential effects between men and women, and the risk of all-cause mortality is influenced by macronutrient quality and meal timing.