The Radiation Impact of Delayed Photoneutron Production in ITER Components

Photoneutrons may be generated in beryllium by energetic gamma rays via the reaction 9Be(gamma,n)8Be. In ITER, the beryllium layer of the first wall may be the source of such photoneutrons. During plasma operation, these are of insignificant intensity compared with D-T neutrons from the plasma, but after shutdown, photoneutrons produced by decay gammas from neutron-activated material may be significant enough to impact sensitive electronic components in diagnostic or remote handling equipment that would not otherwise be exposed to neutrons.Studies have been performed to characterize the expected photoneutron source and to evaluate the fluxes arising in detailed three-dimensional models of the ITER tokamak. The results show photoneutron fluxes approaching 105 n/cm2 center dot s within the vessel and up to 103 n/cm2 center dot s elsewhere within the bioshield 14 days after shutdown. When first-wall panels are being transported to the Hot Cell Facility after irradiation, a photoneutron flux exceeding 104 n/cm2 center dot s within the transfer cask is predicted 21 days after shutdown. The peak values in the surrounding building are between 102 and 103 n/cm2 center dot s at the same time.