[¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT for therapeutic assessment of Abatacept in early-onset polymyalgia rheumatica

Purpose Evaluate the benefit of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose ([F-18] FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the therapeutic assessment of Abatacept (ABA) as first-line therapy in early-onset polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) patients.Methods This was an ancillary study of ALORS trial (Abatacept in earLy Onset polymyalgia Rheumatica Study) assessing the ability of ABA versus placebo to achieve low disease activity (C-Reactive Protein PMR activity score (CRP PMR-AS) <= to 10) without glucocorticoid (GC) at week 12 in patients with early-onset PMR. The patients underwent [F-18] FDG PET/CT at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Responses to treatments were evaluated according to CRP PMR-AS, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) PMR-AS, Clin PMR-AS, and CRP-Imputed (Imput-CRP) PMR-AS. Quantitative score by maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and combined qualitative scores according to liver uptake (Leuven, Leuven/Groningen, and Besan & ccedil;on Scores) were used for assessment of [F-18] FDG uptake in regions of interest (ROI) usually affected in PMR. Student's t-test was applied to evaluate the clinical, biological, and [F-18] FDG uptake variation difference in ABA and placebo groups between W0 and W12. Subgroup analysis by GC rescue was performed.Results At W12, there was no significant difference according to SUVmax between the ABA and the placebo groups in all ROI. Subgroup analysis according to GC administration demonstrated a significant (p 0.047) decrease in SUVmax within the left sternoclavicular joint ROI in the ABA group (- 0.8) compared to the placebo group (+ 0.6) without GC rescue. Other results did not reveal any significant difference between the ABA and placebo groups. According to combined qualitative scores, there was no significant difference between ABA and placebo groups for the direct comparison analysis and subgroup analysis according to GC rescue.Conclusion [F-18] FDG PET/CT uptake did not decrease significantly after ABA compared to placebo in anatomical areas usually affected in PMR patients. These results are correlated with the clinical-biological therapeutic assessment.Clinical trial registration The study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee (CPP Sud-Est II Ref CPP: 2018-33), and all patients gave their written informed consent before study enrollment.The protocol was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03632187).