Altered Impulsivity Across Drug-Na?ve Parkinsonism, Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder, and Their High-Risk Relatives

Objective: To determine multidimensional impulsivity levels across different early stages of alpha-synucleinopathy.Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated motor and decisional impulsivity levels using a panel of computerized tasks among drug-naive parkinsonism patients, isolated/idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients and their first-degree relatives (iRBD-FDRs), and control participants. Trait impulsivity and impulse control behaviors were assessed by self-reported questionnaires.Results: A total of 27 drug-naive parkinsonism patients, 157 iRBD patients, 66 iRBD-FDRs, and 82 control participants were recruited. Parkinsonism and iRBD patients had fewer numbers of extracted beads in beads task 1 and 2 (both p < 0.001), and a higher rate of irrational choice in task 1 (p = 0.046) before making decisions, and fewer numbers of pumps of unexploded blue balloons in the balloon analog risk task (p = 0.004) than control participants, indicating a higher level of reflection impulsivity and a lower level of risk taking, respectively. iRBD patients had more no-go errors in the go/no-go task than control participants (p(adjusted) = 0.036), suggesting a higher level of motor impulsivity. iRBD-FDRs with dream-enactment behaviors had fewer numbers of extracted beads (p = 0.047) in beads task 2 than FDRs without dream-enactment behaviors, suggesting a possible higher level of reflection impulsivity.Interpretation: A complex construct of altered impulsivity with decreased risk taking, but increased reflection and motor impulsivity, has already occurred at the prodromal and early stages of alpha-synucleinopathy, which have implications for underlying pathophysiology and clinical management of alpha-synucleinopathy, especially for impulse control behaviors upon dopaminergic drug treatment.