Post-Synthetic Interstitial Metal Doping for Efficient and Stable 3D/2D Heterostructured Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced exceptional development in recent years, due to their outstanding photoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processing. Many state-of-the-art PSC designs have been effectively demonstrated using a stacked 3D perovskite/2D perovskite heterostructure, yet limitations arise due to the low conductivity of the 2D perovskite, the hidden buried interface of 3D perovskite, and halide ion migration within 3D/2D PSC device under operational bias. Here, these limitations are overcome by developing a novel and universal post-synthetic metal (Zn2+) doping strategy and realizing 3D/2D PSCs with superior efficiency and stability. Informed by ab initio calculations and synchrotron fine structure experiments, it is revealed that the introduced zinc ions are energetically favored at interstitial crystal sites, subsequently hindering the migration of halide ions and producing a beneficial shift toward a more n-type character in the buried 3D perovskite interface. Combined with extensive photophysical characterization, the Zn2+-modified 3D/2D perovskite thin film is shown to strongly recover its photo-carrier conductivity compared with the 3D/2D perovskite film, boosting the efficiency (22.90%) of PSCs while exhibiting improved humidity and operational stability. An efficient and universal post-synthetic interstitial Zn2+ doping strategy is provided to modify recent popular 3D/2D perovskites, resulting in a champion efficiency of 22.90 % for Zn2+-modified 3D/2D PSCs with extended lifespan.image