Intensive photochemical oxidation in the marine atmosphere: evidence from direct radical measurements

Comprehensive observations of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals were conducted in October 2019 at a coastal continental site in the Pearl River Delta (YMK site, 22.55(degrees) N, 114.60(degrees) E). The daily maximum OH and HO2 concentrations were (4.7-9.5) x 10(6) and (4.2-8.1) x 10(8) cm(-3), respectively. The synchronized air mass transport from the northern cities and the South China Sea exerted a time-varying influence on atmospheric oxidation. Under a typical ocean-atmosphere (OCM), reasonable measurement model agreement was achieved for both OH and HO2 using a 0-D chemical box model incorporating the regional atmospheric chemistry mechanism version 2-Leuven isoprene mechanism (RACM2-LIM1), with daily averages of 4.5 x 10(6) and 4.9 x 10(8) cm(-3), respectively. Land mass (LAM) influence promoted more active photochemical processes, with daily averages of 7.1 x 10(6) and 5.2 x 10(8) cm(-3) for OH and HO2, respectively. Heterogeneous uptake had certain effects on HOx chemistry, but the influence of the halogen mechanism was limited by NOx level. Intensive photochemistry occurred after precursor accumulation, allowing local net ozone production comparable with surrounding suburban environments (5.52 ppb h(-1) during the LAM period). The rapid oxidation process was accompanied by a higher diurnal nitrous acid (HONO) concentration (> 400 ppt). After a sensitivity test, HONO-related chemistry elevated the ozone production rate by 33 % and 39 % during the LAM and OCM periods, respectively. The nitric acid (P(HNO3)) and sulfuric acid (P(H2SO4)) formation rates also increased simultaneously (similar to 43 % and similar to 48 % for LAM and OCM sectors, respectively). In the ozone-prediction test, simulated O-3 decreased from similar to 75 ppb to a global background (similar to 35 ppb) without the HONO constraint, and daytime HONO concentrations were reduced to a low level (similar to 70 ppt). For coastal cities, the particularity of the HONO chemistry tends to influence the ozone-sensitive system and eventually magnifies the background ozone. Therefore, the promotion of oxidation by elevated precursors deserves a lot of attention when aiding pollution mitigation policies.