Introducing a free-breathing MRI method to assess peri-operative myocardial oxygenation and function: A volunteer cohort study.

BACKGROUND:Induction of general anaesthesia has many potential triggers for peri-operative myocardial ischaemia including the acute disturbance of blood gases that frequently follows alterations in breathing and ventilation patterns. Free-breathing oxygenation-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (OS-CMR) imaging may provide the opportunity to continuously quantify the impact of such triggers on myocardial oxygenation. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of breathing patterns that simulate induction of general anaesthesia on myocardial oxygenation in awake healthy adults using continuous OS-CMR imaging. DESIGN:Prospective observational study. SETTING:Single-centre university hospital. Recruitment from August 2020 to January 2022. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-two healthy volunteers younger than 45 years old were recruited. Data were analysed from n = 29 (69% male individuals). INTERVENTION:Participants performed a simulated induction breathing manoeuvre consisting of 2.5 min paced breathing with a respiration rate of 14 breaths per minute, followed by 5 deep breaths, then apnoea for up to 60s inside a magnetic resonance imaging scanner (MRI). Cardiac images were acquired with the traditional OS-CMR sequence (OSbh-cine), which requires apnoea for acquisition and with two free-breathing OS-CMR sequences: a high-resolution single-shot sequence (OSfb-ss) and a real-time cine sequence (OSfb-rtcine). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Myocardial oxygenation response at the end of the paced breathing period and at the 30 s timepoint during the subsequent apnoea, reflecting the time of successful intubation in a clinical setting. RESULTS:The paced breathing followed by five deep breaths significantly reduced myocardial oxygenation, which was observed with all three techniques (OSbh-cine -6.0 ± 2.6%, OSfb-ss -12.0 ± 5.9%, OSfb-rtcine -5.4 ± 7.0%, all P < 0.05). The subsequent vasodilating stimulus of apnoea then significantly increased myocardial oxygenation (OSbh-cine 6.8 ± 3.1%, OSfb-ss 8.4 ± 5.6%, OSfb-rtcine 15.7 ± 10.0%, all P < 0.01). The free-breathing sequences were reproducible and were not inferior to the original sequence for any stage. CONCLUSION:Breathing manoeuvres simulating induction of general anaesthesia cause dynamic alterations of myocardial oxygenation in young volunteers, which can be quantified continuously with free-breathing OS-CMR. Introducing these new imaging techniques into peri-operative studies may throw new light into the mechanisms of peri-operative perturbations of myocardial tissue oxygenation and ischaemia. VISUALABSTRACT:http://links.lww.com/EJA/A922.