A cooperative electricity-hydrogen trading model to incentivize low-carbon travel using Nash bargaining theory

To further improve the utilization level of distributed photovoltaics (PV) and realize low-carbon travel, a novel optimization cooperative model that considers multi-stakeholders including integrated prosumers (IPs), power to hydrogen (P2H), and grid company (GC) is proposed, based on the Nash bargaining theory. The electricity trading among the three and hydrogen trading between IPs and P2H is considered in the model to maximize their own interests. Specifically, IPs focus on distributed PV integration and low carbon travels, P2H strives to improve the cost competitiveness of hydrogen, and the electricity-hydrogen trading prices and quantities are optimized between them. Also, GC obtains profits by charging grid fees considering power flow constraints. The cooperation game model is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem through linearization methods. Case studies show that the electricity-hydrogen trading among the three has apparent advantages over pure electricity coupling or non-cooperation. With the future reduction of investment prices of PV and P2H and the maturity of the carbon trading market, the profit margin of this cooperation model can be further enhanced.