Petrogenesis of the late Cenozoic potassium-rich volcanism in the NW Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on the mantle evolution through post-orogenic events

The late Cenozoic Heishi Beihu volcanic rocks represent potassium-rich magmatic events at the northwesternmost margin of the Tibetan Plateau following the Indian-Asian continental collision. The petrogenesis of this juvenile igneous activity plays a crucial role in revealing the geochemical features of the deep mantle and contributes to our understanding of orogenic geodynamic evolution. This study, identified three eruption episodes at Heishi Beihu volcano (7.1-6.2, 4.3-1.4, and 1.3-1.0 Ma) using SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating. Geochemically, the three episodes are characterized by shoshonitic affinities (K2O = 2.96-4.36 wt%) and crustlike trace-element signatures (negative Ta, Nb, and Ti anomalies), with enrichment in light rare earth (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), depletions in high-field-strength elements (HFSE), and small negative Eu anomalies (0.74-0.86). Their enriched whole-rock Sr ([87Sr/86Sr]i = 0.7072-0.7090), Nd (epsilon Nd(t) = -6.91 to -6.24), and zircon Hf (epsilon Hf(t) -5.64 to -9.13) isotopic compositions, and high zircon delta 18O values (+7.4 parts per thousand to +10.6 parts per thousand), are indicative of an enriched and heterogeneous mantle source (EMII-type) that contained recycled continental crust. The Heishi Beihu volcanic rocks were derived by low-degree (2%) partial melting of a mantle source with dominant pyroxenite and minor peridotite under conditions of the garnet-eclogite-facies. Results obtained from clinopyroxene-liquid geothermobarometry are indicative of diverse magma reservoirs, ranging from deep crustal levels (41-56 km) during Episode I to shallower depths for Episodes II (26-35 km) and III (17-29 km). In combination with the geological development of the area, we infer that magmatism at Heishi Beihu was genetically related to asthenospheric upwelling and induced by underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath Western Kunlun.