Global practice patterns of preoperative image reconstruction for liver surgery

BACKGROUND:Three-dimensional (3-D) liver modeling is used globally; however, its actual practice is limited to a few centers. This study aimed to assess practice patterns and barriers to the use of 3-D modeling among liver surgeons worldwide. METHODS:A survey approved by the International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association research council consisting of 27 questions was conducted using an online questionnaire. Incomplete responses were excluded. RESULTS:Of 235 respondents from 46 countries, 81.3% reported experience with 3-D modeling; however, only 21% used it in > 75% of cases. Surgeons using 3-D reconstruction were older (P = .025), worked more frequently at academic facilities (P = .007), and had more years of experience (P = .001), especially in minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) (P = .038). In addition, 3-D rendering was performed by surgeons in 50.8% of cases. Liver volumetry was the most frequent indication (80.1%), and decreased postoperative complications were the main perceived benefit (53.6%). CONCLUSIONS:More experience in liver surgery because of seniority, case volume, and openness to novel technology (MILS) is associated with a greater appreciation for the value of 3-D modeling. Our results suggest the need for senior surgeons to help early-career surgeons consider 3-D modeling for the reported benefit of reduced intra- and postoperative complications.