Numerical simulation of Huize germanium-enriched lead-zinc deposit formation and its implications for concealed zinc mineralization distribution and controlling factors in northeastern Yunnan Province, southwest China

The Huize germanium-enriched Pb-Zn deposit is globally recognized as a high-grade and supergiant Pb-Zn deposit, boasting reserves exceeding 7 Mt of Pb and Zn at an ore grade ranging from approximately 25 % to 35 % Pb + Zn. Employing numerical simulation methods, we investigate factors challenging identification through conventional approaches in elucidating the formation of the Huize deposit ore-forming system. Within a multifield coupling framework integrating thermal and fluid dynamics, our objective is to faithfully reproduce the intricate process of ore-bearing fluid migration. This study unveils the principal controlling factors governing the distribution of ore bodies (sphalerite) within a defined fault-fold structure. Our model establishes a link between the four elements of the ore body formation process: Time-Space-Material-Evolution, highlighting the presence of temperature and barotropic stress anomalies in fluid convergence, with Zn2+ spatial distribution correlating with known mineralization distribution. Numerical simulation experiments indicate that, under the influence of thermal flow fields and pressure, the migration of ore-bearing fluids may result in mineral enrichment in areas exhibiting significant barotropic stress anomalies. These areas, characterized by favorable mineralization conditions, offer an explanation for the observed differences in mineralization between the southeast and northwest flanks of the Kuangshanchang fault-fold structure. Our findings present a novel methodology for conducting further in-depth research on predicting concealed lead-zinc deposits in the Huize area.