THEMIS 2.0: A self-consistent model for dust extinction, emission, and polarisation

Context. Recent observational constraints in emission, extinction, and polarisation have at least partially invalidated most of the astronomical standard grain models for the diffuse interstellar medium. Moreover, laboratory measurements on interstellar silicate analogues have shown quite significant differences with the optical properties used in these standard models. Aims. To address these issues, our objective is twofold: (i) to update the optical properties of silicates and (ii) to develop The Heterogeneous dust Evolution Model for Interstellar Solids (THEMIS) to allow the calculation of polarised extinction and emission. Methods. Based on optical constants measured in the laboratory from 5 mu m to 1 mm for amorphous silicates and on observational constraints in mid-IR extinction and X-ray scattering, we defined new optical constants for the THEMIS silicates. Absorption and scattering efficiencies for spheroidal grains using these properties were subsequently derived with the discrete dipole approximation. Results. These new optical properties make it possible to explain the dust emission and extinction, both total and polarised. It is noteworthy that the model is not yet pushed to its limits since it does not require the perfect alignment of all grains to explain the observations and it therefore has the potential to accommodate the highest polarisation levels inferred from extinction measurements. Moreover, the dispersion of the optical properties of the different silicates measured in the laboratory naturally explain the variations in both the total and polarised emission and extinction observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. Conclusions. A single, invariant model calibrated on one single set of observations is obsolete for explaining contemporary observations. We are proposing a completely flexible dust model based entirely on laboratory measurements that has the potential to make major advances in understanding the exact nature of interstellar grains and how they evolve as a function of their radiative and dynamic environment. Even if challenging, this is also relevant for future cosmic microwave background (CMB) missions that will aim to perform precise measurements of the CMB spectral distortions and polarisation.