Interactions Between Depression, Alcohol Intake, and Smoking on the Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objective Our study hypothesizes that the interaction between depression, alcohol intake, and smoking status can significantly influence the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We aim to investigate the magnitude of the association between depression and ACS risk and explore how alcohol intake and smoking status affect this association.Methods We used data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The primary exposure of interest was the presence of depres-sion, as measured using the Beck Depression Inventory score at baseline. The primary outcome was the occurrence of ACS observed in the biennial follow-up surveys. We used Cox proportional regression analysis to estimate the effect of depression on ACS incidence. We conducted interaction and joint effect analyses to explore the interactions between depression and health-related habits including alcohol intake and smoking with regard to ACS incidence.Results During 16 years of follow-up among 3,254 individuals, we documented 88 cases of new-onset ACS (2.2 cases per 1,000 person-years). We found no association between depression and ACS risk; furthermore, the effect of depression on ACS risk by alcohol intake and smoking status did not differ significantly. In the analysis to observe the joint effect of smoking and depression, the multivariate hazard ratios of ACS were 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-2.36) for non-smoking and depression, 1.52 (95% CI, 0.83-2.82) for smoking and non-depression, and 2.79 (95% CI, 1.21-6.41) for smoking and depression compared with non-smoking and non-depression. Conclusion Our study reveals the combined effect of depression and smoking on ACS risk, highlighting the potential benefits of con-current interventions for both depression and smoking for cardiovascular health.