Alpha-lactalbumin and sleep: A systematic review

Insufficient sleep is a growing global problem, with poor sleep associated with many negative health and performance outcomes. Previous reviews investigating the effect of diet on sleep have highlighted the amino acid tryptophan as a promising sleep-promoting nutrient, with the richest food source of tryptophan, alpha-lactalbumin, requiring further investigation. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to review the existing evidence of association between alpha-lactalbumin and sleep. Four electronic databases (CINAHL Complete, Embase, MEDLINE Complete, and SPORTDiscus with Full Text) were searched from database inception to March 2023, with primary research articles included if they contained alpha-lactalbumin as an independent variable, an outcome measure of sleep or sleepiness, and participants were >= 18 years old. Eight studies were reviewed, with four studies recruiting athletic populations (50%) and four recruiting healthy participants (50%). Sleep or sleepiness was measured objectively in six studies (75%), with two studies employing polysomnography and four utilizing actigraphy to assess sleep. Across the studies, 20-60 g of alpha-lactalbumin was supplemented, with five studies (63%) observing a positive association between alpha-lactalbumin and sleep. Sleep-onset latency was the primary sleep metric improved following evening supplementation of alpha-lactalbumin (<= 3.5 hr pre-sleep), with no studies observing any negative associations with sleep. Data from this review suggest that individuals that have difficulty initiating sleep may benefit most from pre-sleep alpha-lactalbumin supplementation. Further research is required to establish the effect that alpha-lactalbumin has on sleep architecture, through the use of more comprehensive sleep analysis tools such as portable electroencephalography or polysomnography, in combination with stringent dietary controls.