Momentary measures of emotions during technology-enhanced learning prospectively predict standardized test scores in two large samples

Background: Student emotions play a vital role in learning and have been linked to achievement outcomes, but research on the relationship between emotions (other than anxiety) and high-stakes standardized tests is sparse. Aims: We investigated whether emotions experienced during learning predict later performance on a high-stakes, mandatory, standardized test. Sample: We used two cohorts comprising a total of 102,007 grade 7-9 U.S. students. Methods: We used experience sampling methods to measure 14 emotions (e.g., boredom, confusion, hope) as students engaged in technologically-enhanced learning as part of their math classroom instruction. Results: Students' self-reported positive and negative emotions, positively and negatively predicted test scores, respectively, after covarying prior achievement and sociodemographics. However, there was limited evidence for indirect paths between prior achievement, emotions, and subsequent achievement. Conclusions: Our findings corroborate central predictions of major theories on emotions and learning that highlight the importance of emotions to learning processes and outcomes.