Examining the use of interactive video-based simulators in law enforcement human performance research: A scoping review

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify, synthesize, and discuss interactive video-based simulator usage and operationalization of performance in law enforcement performance research. Methods Eleven databases were searched following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The databases included the social, behavioral, forensic, and ergonomic sciences. Eligibility criteria included studies with performance metrics, law enforcement officers as participants, and contextual scenarios. Results Critical aspects of simulator usage (i.e., scenario selection, handling the branching aspect of scenarios) were underreported which brings to question the generalizability of law enforcement performance research. A disproportionate amount of research favors shoot scenarios to don’t-shoot scenarios which may unintentionally prime officers to expect the use of deadly force in an unrealistic manner. Performance metrics included cognitive, judgment and decision-making, marksmanship, psychophysiological, and process. Conclusions Researchers could improve transparency and generalizability of their research by considering the findings from the current study and following the checklist we developed.