Amygdala habituation during exposure is associated with failure to reduce phobic symptoms

Exposure therapy is an established treatment for anxiety disorders but the mechanisms underpinning its effectiveness remain unclear. Two theories offer contrasting perspectives: the traditional habituation model posits that a form of stimulus desensitization is required during exposure, while the inhibitory learning model emphasizes the formation of new non-fearful associations. Crucially, while the former may manifest as amygdala habituation, the latter may not. To distinguish between the two models, this study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the amygdala responses of spider-fearful participants during fear exposure. We hypothesized that intervention success might align with stable or even increased amygdala activation - an indicator of active engagement and re-learning as proposed by the inhibitory learning model. Conversely, decreasing amygdala activity might not be a sign of reduced fear memory as proposed by the habituation model, but could signal mental detachment, leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes. Our results corroborated our hypotheses: individuals with escalating amygdala responses during exposure exhibited better clinical progress, while those showing amygdala 'habituation' benefited less. Our results strengthen the case for the inhibitory learning model and highlight that therapy may not aim to diminish fear per se but rather to engage patients in active processing and association formation. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.