Changing footprint of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on global land surface air temperature

Sea surface temperature modes have been found to modulate anthropogenic global warming rates on annual and decadal time-scales,sometimes leading to periods of"slowdown"despite increasing greenhouse gas emissions[1].Among well-known cli-mate modes,including atmospheric patterns like North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and oceanic phenomena such as the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation(AMO)and El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO)emerges as a crucial factor modulating global temperature on a decadal scale,showing associations between its positive phases with rapid warming,and negative phases with reduced warming or even cooling(Fig.S1 and Table S1 online;[2]).Currently,despite that the PDO has entered its negative phase since the late 2010s,global tempera-tures have remained at historically high levels.Recent data from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)also indicate record-breaking global sea surface temperatures in past months(from April to September 2023).It is essential to explore the role of oceanic conditions and their potential implica-tions for the trajectory of global warming.