New insight on the structural architecture of northern Tunisia with a multidisciplinary approach: Association of Miocene piggy-back basin and active Plio-quaternary out-of-sequence thrusts

In order to better understand the intricate structural architecture of northern Tunisia, we use a multidisciplinary approach that includes field observations, geomorphic, sedimentological, and gravity data across this area. We offer a model of progressive thrusting in which four deformation phases occurred in the context of plate convergence (i) Uplift of the Jebel Ichkeul Triassic succession via a NE-trending thrust fault during the Eocene; (ii) Advance of Numidian thrust sheets during the late Oligocene-Middle Miocene, causing the formation of the Lake Ichkeul/Jalta as being piggy-back basin; (iii) Initial out-of-sequence thrusting during the Late Miocene, resulting in the formation of the Sejnane and El Mejel basins with syntectonic Pliocene infill; and (iv) Subsequent out-of-sequence thrusting during the Early Pleistocene, leading to the formation of the Oued (River) Zyatine basin with a syntectonic Quaternary deposits. We used the gravity data analysis to mark the thicknesses of syntectonic deposits and their bounding thrust faults. The kinematic analysis indicates the occurrence of progressive multiphase out-of-sequence thrusting events with thrusts verging to the southeast. The combination of climate and mechanical fractures induced gradually long-term damage and changed the original landscape of the evidenced out-of-sequence thrusts. Furthermore, the existence of local normal faults in the backlimbs and reverse faults in the forelimbs, together with the drainage network type, earthquakes, the slope erosion, and the aggraditional terrace system, implies a gradual landscape evolution of thrust topography. This physical evolution occurred following an active tectonics across the exhibited out-of-sequence thrusting since the Pliocene.