Natural and synthetic biopolymers: Classification and fundamental aspects of bionanocomposites

Bionanocomposites contain constituents of biological origin and particles with at least one dimension in the 1–100 nm range. It is now feasible for physicians to utilize patients' cells to treat orthopedic abnormalities, resulting in the rapid development of nano and biomaterial technology. Structural scaffolds made of composite materials have lately become provided to support the creation of three-dimensional tissue and to provide temporary support for broken body and cell constructions. Structural scaffolds are materials that are designed to support the creation of 3D tissue. Ceramic and metallic methods have been widely recognized for use in the creation of implants; nevertheless, their nonrestorability and the need for a second surgical procedure (such as bone repair), which results in additional discomfort for the patient, restrict their widespread use. The various natural and synthetic biopolymers, and various types of nanofillers that are used for the development of bionanocomposites are discussed in detail. Various processing methods along a wide application spectrum of bionanocomposites are also highlighted. The future of bionanocomposites and their challenges has also been addressed effectually.