Probucol mitigates high-fat diet-induced cognitive and social impairments through disruption of redox-inflammation association

Abstract Obesity and its detrimental metabolic consequences are commonly recognized as risk factors for impairments in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the direct link between metabolic abnormalities and brain functions during high-fat feeding remains unclear. Here, we show that treatment with probucol, a cholesterol-lowering drug, counteracts the cognitive and social impairments induced by a high-fat diet in mice, while having no effect on mood disorders. Unexpectedly, the beneficial effects of probucol do not result from rectifying obesity or restoring glucose and lipid homeostasis, as evidenced by the lack of change in body weight, blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. Interestingly, high-fat feeding led to association among the levels of redox factors, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein, glutathione and malondialdehyde, as well as a significant negative correlation between malondialdehyde levels and behavioral performance. Probucol treatment interrupts these linkages and differentially regulates the proteins for the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in the brain. These findings prompt a reconsideration of the mechanism of action of probucol, as well as the roles of altered metabolic profiles and free radicals in brain function.