Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2023

Clinical GuidelinesMarch 2023Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2023FREENeil Murthy, MD, MPH, MSJ, A. Patricia Wodi, MD, MPH, Sybil Cineas, MD, and Kevin A. Ault, MD, for the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices†, Grace M. Lee, MD, MPH, Melinda Wharton, MD, MPH, Lynn Bahta, RN, MPH, CPH, Beth P. Bell, MD, MPH, Oliver Brooks, MD, Wilbur H. Chen, MD, MS, Sybil Cineas, MD, Matthew F. Daley, MD, Camille Nelson Kotton, MD, Jamie Loehr, MD, Sarah S. Long, MD, Veronica V. McNally, JD, Katherine A. Poehling, MD, MPH, Pablo J. Sánchez, MD, Nirav D. Shah, MD, JD, Helen Keipp Talbot, MD, Kevin A. Ault, Veronica McNally, John Epling, Sarah Coles, Katherine Debiec, Rhoda Sperling, Holly Fontenot, Amy Middleman, Sandra Fryhofer, Sarah McQueen, Marie-Michele Leger, Mary-Margaret Fill, Chad Rittle, William Schafner, Ken Schmader, Patsy Stinchfield, Marci Drees, Pia Pannaraj, David Kim, Jane Kim, Susan Farrall, Uzo Chukwuma, Hank Bernstein, Paul Hunter, Peter Szilagyi, Diane Peterson, Carolyn Bridges, Karen Ketner, Kathleen Harriman, Litjen Tan, Robert Hopkins, Susan Lett, A. Patricia Wodi, Neil MurthyNeil Murthy, MD, MPH, MSJCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (N.M., A.P.W.)Search for more papers by this author, A. Patricia Wodi, MD, MPHCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (N.M., A.P.W.)Search for more papers by this author, Sybil Cineas, MDThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (S.C.)Search for more papers by this author, and Kevin A. Ault, MDUniversity of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (K.A.A.).Search for more papers by this author, for the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices†Search for more papers by this author, Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M23-0041 Eligible for CME Point-of-Care SectionsAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail In October 2022, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to approve the Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Years or Older, United States, 2023. The 2023 adult immunization schedule, available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html, summarizes ACIP recommendations in the cover page, tables, notes, and appendix (Figure). The full ACIP recommendations for each vaccine are available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/index.html. The 2023 schedule has also been approved by the director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and by the American College of Physicians (www.acponline.org), the American Academy of Family Physicians (www.aafp.org), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (www.acog.org), the American College of Nurse-Midwives (www.midwife.org), the American Academy of Physician Associates (www.aapa.org), the American Pharmacists Association (www.pharmacist.com), and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (www.shea-online.org).Figure. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Years or Older, United States, 2023. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure. Continued Download figure Download PowerPoint The ACIP develops recommendations on the use of each vaccine after in-depth review of vaccine-related data, such as the epidemiology and burden of the vaccine-preventable disease (VPD), vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, vaccine safety, quality of evidence, feasibility of program implementation, and economic analyses of immunization policy (1). ACIP recommendations can be complex and challenging to implement. The purpose of the immunization schedule, published annually, is to consolidate and summarize updates to ACIP recommendations on vaccination of adults and to assist providers in implementing current ACIP recommendations. The use of vaccine trade names in this article and in the schedule is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the ACIP or CDC.Changes to the 2023 Adult Immunization ScheduleCOVID-19 vaccination. A new section was added to the Notes section describing recommendations for COVID-19 vaccines approved or authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A description of the primary series recommendations for the general population is provided, followed by a description of the primary series recommendations for persons who are moderately or severely immunocompromised. Hyperlinks referring health care providers to booster dose recommendations and to the recommendation for persons who previously received Janssen COVID-19 vaccine are also provided. Additionally, hyperlinks to the current COVID-19 vaccination schedules, use of COVID-19 preexposure prophylaxis in persons who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, as well as Emergency Use Authorization indications for COVID-19 vaccines, are provided.Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination. Vaccine recommendations for Hib vaccination have not changed.Hepatitis A (HepA) vaccination. Vaccine recommendations for HepA vaccination have not changed.Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination (2). A newly licensed HepB vaccine, PreHevbrio, was added to the description of the 3-dose series. HepB vaccination continues to be universally recommended for all adults 19 through 59 years of age. Language was added stating that persons aged 60 years and older with known risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection should complete a HepB vaccine series, while persons 60 years of age and older without known risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection may complete a HepB vaccine series. The “Special situations” section provides dosing regimens for patients on dialysis.Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination (3). Routine recommendations for HPV vaccination have not changed.Influenza vaccination (4). Updates to the seasonal influenza vaccine recommendations reflect discussions during public meetings of ACIP held on 20 October 2021, 12 January 2022, 23 February 2022, and 22 June 2022. For the 2022–2023 influenza season, routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged 6 months and older who do not have contraindications. Among persons who are 65 years of age and older, any one of the quadrivalent high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine, quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine, or quadrivalent adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine is preferred compared with other influenza vaccine products. However, if none of these 3 vaccines is available, then any other age-appropriate influenza vaccine should be used. This information has been provided as a bullet in the influenza notes section, along with a hyperlink to the 2022–2023 influenza recommendations.The composition of 2022–2023 U.S. influenza vaccines includes updates to the influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B/Victoria lineage components. All seasonal influenza vaccines expected to be available for the 2022–2023 season are quadrivalent, containing hemagglutinin (HA) derived from one influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, one influenza A(H3N2) virus, one influenza B/Victoria lineage virus, and one influenza B/Yamagata lineage virus. For the 2022–2023 season, U.S. egg-based influenza vaccines (i.e., vaccines other than cell culture–based inactivated influenza vaccine [ccIIV4] and recombinant influenza vaccine [RIV4]) will contain HA derived from an influenza A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09–like virus, an influenza A/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)–like virus, an influenza B/Austria/1359417/2021 (Victoria lineage)-like virus, and an influenza B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage)–like virus. U.S. ccIIV4 and RIV4 influenza vaccines will contain an influenza A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09–like virus, an influenza A/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)–like virus, an influenza B/Austria/1359417/2021 (Victoria lineage)–like virus, and an influenza B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage)–like virus.Vaccination guidance for close contacts of severely immunocompromised patients who require a protected environment was added as a bullet in the notes section. In addition, the text describing guidance for persons with egg allergy who have experienced any symptom other than hives was moved from the appendix to the “Special situations” section of the Influenza notes.Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination (5). Routine recommendations for MMR vaccination have not changed. However, a hyperlink was provided that describes the recommendation for additional doses of MMR vaccine (including the third dose of MMR) in the context of mumps outbreak settings.Meningococcal vaccination (6). Routine recommendations for meningococcal vaccination have not changed. However, in the “Special situations” section for MenB, guidance was added stating that if the third dose of Trumenba is administered earlier than 4 months after the second dose, a fourth dose should be administered at least 4 months after the third dose.Pneumococcal vaccination (7). ACIP has new recommendations for the use of PCV15 and PCV20 in persons who previously received pneumococcal vaccines. This new guidance is presented in the revised pneumococcal notes section. Additionally, a hyperlink to the CDC app that can be used to determine a patient's pneumococcal vaccination needs has been included.Polio vaccination (8). Routine poliovirus vaccination of adults residing in the United States is not necessary. However, a new polio vaccination section was added to the Notes to address polio vaccine recommendations for adults who are at increased risk for exposure to poliovirus.Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination. Routine recommendations for Tdap or Td vaccination have not changed. However, minor grammatical edits were made to the “Special situations” section to help improve clarity in the language.Varicella vaccination (9). Routine recommendations for varicella vaccination have not changed.Zoster vaccination (10). The “Routine vaccination” section was revised to clarify that serologic evidence of prior varicella is not necessary for zoster vaccination and to provide guidance if serologic evidence of varicella susceptibility becomes available. The “Special situations” section was updated to provide guidance for persons with immunocompromising conditions who do not have a documented history of varicella, varicella vaccination, or herpes zoster. Additionally, minor changes were made to the immunocompromising conditions bullet to clarify that this includes persons with HIV regardless of CD4 count.Revised Content, Format, and GraphicsCover Page. The cover page of the 2023 schedule provides basic instructions on how to use the schedule to systematically identify vaccination needs of adults and lists routinely recommended vaccines and their standardized abbreviations and trade names. Major edits to the cover page include adding COVID-19 vaccines, PreHevbrio, and Priorix to the list of vaccines. Of note, ACIP has developed new abbreviations for the COVID-19 vaccine products; these abbreviations contain information on the vaccine's valency (i.e., monovalent vs. bivalent, indicated by “1v” and “2v,” respectively) and vaccine platform (mRNA vs. acellular protein subunit, or “aPS”). Additionally, the American Pharmacists Association has been added to the list of partner organizations approving the schedule. The language in the injury claims section has been modified to indicate which vaccines are covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program and which vaccines are covered by the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program. Like in past annual immunization schedules, hyperlinks are provided where providers can download the CDC Vaccine Schedules app and access reference materials for the surveillance of VPDs, including case identification and disease outbreak response. Instructions on reporting suspected cases of reportable VPDs to local or state health departments and significant postvaccination adverse events to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System are listed. Hyperlinks to other resources, such as vaccine information statements, recommended vaccines for travelers, and shared clinical decision-making guidance are also provided.Table 1. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule by Age Group. Table 1 describes routine and catch-up vaccination recommendations for adults by age. For 2023, a COVID-19 row has been added. The row is entirely yellow indicating that COVID-19 vaccination is now routinely recommended for all adults, with a text overlay that states “2- or 3- dose primary series and booster (See Notes).” For MMR vaccination in Table 1, overlaying text has been added for adults aged 65 years and older, referring providers to the Notes section for vaccination considerations for health care personnel who are 65 years of age or older. For HepA vaccination in Table 1, the overlaying text now states “2, 3, or 4 doses depending on vaccine” to account for the possibility of an accelerated Twinrix series requiring 4 doses.Table 2. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule by Medical Condition and Other Indications. Table 2 describes vaccination recommendations for adults based on medical conditions or other indications. For 2023, a COVID-19 row has been added to this table. The HIV and immunocompromised conditions columns have the overlaying text “See Notes,” since such patients may have different primary series requirements and may have additional considerations for preexposure prophylaxis to complement COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, for the HepA row, the overlaying text now states “2, 3, or 4 doses depending on vaccine” to include the 4-dose accelerated Twinrix schedule that can be used for HepA vaccination.Notes. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule. Each recommended vaccine for adults in Tables 1 and 2 is accompanied by a note, which is designed to provide additional information on routine vaccination and recommendations in special situations. The COVID-19 note is a new addition to the 2023 adult immunization schedule. Guidance on COVID-19 primary series recommendations is provided in addition to other information that providers may find helpful regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, a new polio vaccination note was added describing vaccine recommendations for adults who are at increased risk for exposure to poliovirus. New or revised language for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines has been added to their respective notes. Changes were also made to the hepatitis B vaccine, MMR vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, Tdap vaccine, and zoster vaccine notes to improve clarity in the language. All vaccines identified in Tables 1 and 2 (except PCV20 and RZV vaccines) also appear in the Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for Ages 18 Years or Younger, United States, 2023 (www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html). The notes for vaccines that appear in both the adult immunization schedule and the child and adolescent immunization schedule have been harmonized to the greatest extent possible.Appendix. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule. The appendix lists all of the contraindications and precautions to each of the vaccines listed in the 2023 adult immunization schedule. The information presented in this appendix is adapted from the 2022–2023 influenza vaccine recommendations (4) and from ACIP General Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization (11). The header of the “Contraindications” column was changed to “Contraindicated or not recommended.” In the influenza row, information for persons with history of egg allergy was moved from the precautions column to the influenza vaccination notes section. In the HepB row, language regarding the use of Heplisav-B and PreHevbrio among pregnant persons was modified. The language now states that “Heplisav-B and PreHevbrio are not recommended due to lack of safety data in pregnant persons. Use other hepatitis B vaccines if HepB is indicated.” A footnote providing information on the pregnancy exposure registries for persons who were inadvertently vaccinated with Heplisav-B and PreHevbrio while pregnant was added. In the HPV row, language regarding the use of HPV among pregnant persons was modified. The language now states “pregnancy: HPV vaccination not recommended.”Appendix A: Members of the ACIP and the ACIP Combined Immunization Work GroupUnless otherwise indicated, the members listed were nonauthor contributors to this article.Members of the ACIPGrace M. Lee, MD, MPH (Chair), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CaliforniaMelinda Wharton, MD, MPH (Executive Secretary), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GeorgiaLynn Bahta, RN, MPH, CPH, Infectious Disease, Epidemiology, Prevention & Control Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MinnesotaBeth P. Bell, MD, MPH, Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WashingtonOliver Brooks, MD, Watts HealthCare Corporation, Los Angeles, CaliforniaWilbur H. Chen, MD, MS, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandSybil Cineas, MD, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown Combined Residency in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Providence, Rhode Island*Matthew F. Daley, MD, Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, ColoradoCamille Nelson Kotton, MD, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsJamie Loehr, MD, Cayuga Family Medicine, Ithaca, New YorkSarah S. Long, MD, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaVeronica V. McNally, JD, Franny Strong Foundation, West Bloomfield, MichiganKatherine A. Poehling, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North CarolinaPablo J. Sánchez, MD, The Ohio State University, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Divisions of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OhioNirav D. Shah, MD, JD, Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, MaineHelen Keipp Talbot, MD, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeACIP Combined Immunization Work GroupACIP MembersSybil Cineas (ACIP Work Group Chair)*Kevin Ault*Veronica McNallyLiaison RepresentativesJohn EplingSarah ColesKatherine DebiecRhoda SperlingHolly FontenotAmy MiddlemanSandra FryhoferSarah McQueenMarie-Michele LegerMary-Margaret FillChad RittleWilliam SchafnerKen SchmaderPatsy StinchfieldMarci DreesPia PannarajEx Officio MembersDavid KimJane KimSusan FarrallUzo ChukwumaConsultantsHank BernsteinPaul HunterPeter SzilagyiDiane PetersonCarolyn BridgesKaren KetnerKathleen HarrimanLitjen TanRobert HopkinsSusan LettCDC Co-LeadsA. Patricia Wodi*Neil Murthy** Authored the article.References1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Charter of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. 28 March 2022. Accessed at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/committee/acip-charter.pdf on 11 January 2023. Google Scholar2. Weng MK, Doshani M, Khan MA, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in adults aged 19-59 years: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:477-483. [PMID: 35358162] doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7113a1 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:698-702. [PMID: 31415491] doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6832a3 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Grohskopf LA, Blanton LH, Ferdinands JM, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022-23 influenza season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022;71:1-28. [PMID: 36006864] doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7101a1 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-34. [PMID: 23760231] MedlineGoogle Scholar6. Mbaeyi SA, Bozio CH, Duffy J, et al. Meningococcal vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee On Immunization Practices, United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1-41. [PMID: 33417592] doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6909a1 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. CDC: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). ACIP Recommendations. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2022. Accessed at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recommendations.html on 7 December 2022. Google Scholar8. Prevots DR, Burr RK, Sutter RW, et al; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States. updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49:1-22. [PMID: 15580728] MedlineGoogle Scholar9. Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1-40. [PMID: 17585291] MedlineGoogle Scholar10. Anderson TC, Masters NB, Guo A, et al. Use of recombinant zoster vaccine in immunocompromised adults aged ≥19 years: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:80-84. [PMID: 35051134] doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7103a2 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Kroger A, Bahta L, Hunter P. General Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization. Best Practices Guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Updated 15 March 2022. Accessed at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/downloads/general-recs.pdf on 11 January 2023. Google Scholar Comments0 CommentsSign In to Submit A Comment Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (N.M., A.P.W.)The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (S.C.)University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (K.A.A.).Disclosures: To maintain the integrity of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has taken steps to ensure there is technical adherence to ethics statutes and regulations regarding financial conflicts of interest. Concerns regarding the potential for the appearance of a conflict are addressed or avoided altogether through preappointment and postappointment considerations. Individuals with particular vaccine-related interests will not be considered for appointment to the committee. Potential nominees are screened for conflicts of interest and, if any are found, are asked to divest or forgo certain vaccine-related activities. In addition, at the beginning of each ACIP meeting, each member is asked to declare their conflicts. Members with conflicts are not permitted to vote if the conflict involves the vaccine or biologic being voted on. Details can be found at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/committee/structure-role.html. Dr. Murthy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wodi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cineas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ault reports having received consulting fees from PathoVax, serving as a volunteer on the medical advisory board of Family Fighting Flu, and serving as a committee member of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Disclosures can also be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M23-0041.Corresponding Author: Neil Murthy, MD, MPH, MSJ, Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027; e-mail, [email protected]gov.Author Contributions: Conception and design: K.A. Ault, N.C. Murthy, A.P. Wodi.Analysis and interpretation of the data: K.A. Ault, A.P. Wodi. Drafting of the article: N.C. Murthy.Critical revision for important intellectual content: K.A. Ault, S. Cineas, N.C. Murthy, A.P. Wodi.Final approval of the article: K.A. Ault, S. Cineas, N.C. Murthy, A.P. Wodi.Collection and assembly of data: K.A. Ault, A.P. Wodi.This article was published at Annals.org on 10 February 2023.* The 2023 adult immunization schedule appeared in Annals of Internal Medicine and on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules. An announcement summarizing changes to the 2023 adult immunization schedule was published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on 10 February 2023. Readers can cite the 2023 adult immunization schedule as follows: Murthy N, Wodi AP, Cineas S, Ault KA; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended adult immunization schedule, United States, 2023. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176;367-80. doi:10.7326/M23-0043† The 2023 adult immunization schedule was prepared by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); the ACIP Combined Immunization Schedule Work Group; Neil Murthy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia); A. Patricia Wodi (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia); Sybil Cineas (The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island); and Kevin A. Ault (Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan). For a list of members of the ACIP and the ACIP Combined Immunization Schedule Work Group, see Appendix A. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Current IssueMarch 2023Volume 176, Issue 3Page: 367-380KeywordsInfectious diseasesPreventive medicineVaccines ePublished: 10 February 2023 Issue Published: March 2023 PDF downloadLoading ...