The Effect of Geranylgeraniol and Ginger on Satellite Cells Myogenic State in Diabetic Rats

Abstract Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is associated with chronic inflammation and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to satellite cell (SC) myogenic impairment, potentially resulting in muscle atrophy. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and ginger can reduce inflammation and increase makers of SC myogenesis, thus alleviating muscle atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of GGOH and ginger on SC myogenic state and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in T2D rats. Methods: 28 rats consumed a control diet (CON), high-fat diet with 35mg/kg of streptozotocin (HFD), HFD with 800mg/kg body weight of GGOH (GG), or HFD with 0.75% ginger (GRE). On the 8 th week, soleus was analyzed for Pax7, MyoD, and MSTN gene and protein, SC myogenic state, and muscle CSA. Two one-way ANOVAs were used to investigate GGOH and gingers effect alone on HFD. Results: HFD had a significantly lower number of Pax7 + /MyoD - and Pax7 + /MSTN + cells, less Pax7 , MyoD , MyoD and MSTN, with a smaller CSA than CON. With GGOH, GG had a significantly greater number of Pax7 + /MSTN + cells, MyoD and a larger CSA than HFD. With ginger, GRE had a significantly lower number of Pax7 - /MyoD + and greater number of Pax7 + /MSTN + cells, greater MyoD, MSTN and a larger CSA than HFD. Despite the supplementation, CON still had significantly greater number of Pax7 + /MyoD - than GG and GRE and Pax7 - /MyoD + cells than GRE with a larger CSA than GG. Conclusion: GGOH and ginger supplementation to T2D rats persevered muscle CSA, possibly through increased MyoD and ability to maintain SC pool in the soleus of T2D rats.