ROS-related disruptions to cochlear hair cell and stria vascularis consequently leading to radiation-induced sensorineural hearing loss

Radiation-induced sensorineural hearing loss (RISNHL) is one of the major side effects of radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancers. Currently, no effective clinical treatment or prevention is available for RISNHL. This study thus aimed to investigate the cochlear pathology so that the underlying mechanisms of RISNHL may be elucidated, consequently paving the way for potential protective strategies to be developed.Functional and morphological impairment in the stria vascularis (SV) was observed after irradiation (IR), as indicated by endocochlear potential (EP) reduction, hyperpermeability and SV atrophy. The expression of zonulae occludins-1 (ZO-1) was found to have decreased after IR. The loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) occurred later than SV damage. The disruption to the SV and OHCs could be attributed to ROS-related damage. In addition, EP shifts and the loss of OHCs were reduced when ROS was reduced by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in C57BL/6 mice, attenuating auditory threshold shifts.The damage to the SV was found to occur before OHC loss. ROS-related damage accounted for SV damage and OHC loss. The incidences of SV damage and OHC loss were decreased through ROS modulation by NAC, subsequently preventing RISNHL, suggesting the possible role of NAC as a possible protective agent against RISNHL.The findings from this study suggest oxidative stress-induced early SV injury and late OHC loss to be the key factors leading to RISNHL. NAC prevents IR-induced OHC loss, and attenuates auditory brainstem response (ABR) and EP shifts by regulating the level of oxidative stress.