Can a Sparse 2⁹× 2⁹Pixel Chaos Game Representation Predict Protein Binding Sites using Fine-Tuned State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Semantic Segmentation Models?

Abstract No. While our experiments ultimately failed, this work was motivated by the seemingly reasonable hypothesis that encoding protein sequences as a fractal-based image in combination with a binary mask identifying those pixels representative of the protein binding interface could effectively be used to fine-tune a semantic segmentation model. We were wrong. Despite the shortcomings of this work, a number of insights were drawn, inspiring discussion about how this fractal-based space may be exploited to generate effective protein binding site predictors in the future. Furthermore, these realizations promise to orient complimentary studies leveraging fractal-based representations, whether in the field of bioinformatics, or more broadly within disparate fields leveraging sequence-type data, such as Natural Language Processing. In a non-traditional way, this work presents the experimental design undertaken and interleaves various insights and limitations. It is the hope of this work that those interested in leveraging fractal-based representations and deep learning architectures as part of their work will benefit from the insights arising from this work.