Where Honey Bee Vitellogenin may Bind Zn²⁺-Ions

Abstract The protein Vitellogenin (Vg) plays a central role in lipid transportation in most egg-laying animals. High Vg levels correlate with stress resistance and lifespan potential in honey bees ( Apis mellifera ). Vg is the primary circulating zinc-carrying protein in honey bees. Zinc is an essential metal ion in numerous biological processes, including the function and structure of many proteins. Measurements of Zn 2+ suggest a variable number of ions per Vg molecule in different animal species, but the molecular implications of zinc-binding by this protein are not well understood. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine that, on average, each honey bee Vg molecule binds 3 Zn 2+ -ions. Our full-length protein structure and sequence analysis revealed seven potential zinc-binding sites. These are located in the β-barrel and α-helical subdomains of the N-terminal domain, the lipid binding site, and the cysteine-rich C-terminal region of unknown function. Interestingly, two potential zinc-binding sites in the β-barrel can support a proposed role for this structure in DNA-binding. Overall, our findings illustrate the capacity of honey bee Vg to bind zinc at several functional regions, indicating that Zn 2+ -ions are important for many of the activities of this protein. In addition to being potentially relevant for other egg-laying species, these insights provide a platform for studies of metal ions in bee health, which is of global interest due to recent declines in pollinator numbers.