Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of Diabetes Literacy, Numeracy, and Knowledge Tools in the Arabic Context

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Literacy Assessment for Diabetes (LAD), the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT), and the Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT) in the Arabic language and context.Methods: Three hundred eighty four, >= 18-year-old patients with type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes mellitus were recruited from 3 endocrinology clinics in the United Arab Emirates. Exploratory factor analysis using principal component was performed. Achieved scores were compared using Pearson bivariate correlation.Results: All 60 LAD items loaded on 1 factor accounting for 66.7% of the variance, with internal consistency alpha = .991. Average score = 68.7%. Nineteen out of 26 items were retained on the DNT and grouped into 4 factors, prescription reading and directions, proper dose coverage, nutrition, and insulin, with good internal consistency (alpha = .721). Average score = 73.2%. All 20 DKT items loaded on 3 factors accounting for 41.2% of the variance, causes and consequences of the high blood sugar level, prevention of the disease, and misconceptions about diabetes self-management, with good internal consistency (alpha = .799). Average score = 71.9%. A moderate and significant correlation between the DKT and DNT (r = .56, P < .001) was observed.Conclusions: Three tools to assess diabetes literacy, numeracy, and knowledge were psychometrically tested to establish their validity and reliability in the Arabic language and context. The tools could be used to assess patient skills and competence in navigating the health care system and managing their diabetes.