Tyrosol-loaded Nano-niosomes Attenuate Diabetic Injury by Targeting Glucose Metabolism, Inflammation, and Glucose Transfer

Regarding the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, it has become a global concern, making it imperative to control. Chemical drugs commonly recommended for diabetes treatment cause many complications and drug resistance over time.The polyphenol tyrosol has many health benefits, including anti-diabetic properties. Tyrosol's efficacy can be significantly increased when it is used as a niosome in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, Tyrosol and nano-Tyrosol are examined for their effects on genes implicated in type 2 diabetes in streptozotocin-treated rats. Niosome nanoparticles containing 300 mg surfactant (span60: tween60) and 10 mg cholesterol were hydrated in thin films with equal molar ratios. After 72 hours, nano-niosomal formulas were assessed for their physicochemical properties. MTT assays were conducted on HFF cells to assess the cellular toxicity of the nano niosome contacting optimal Tyrosol. Finally, the expression of PEPCK, GCK, TNF-ɑ, IL6, GLUT2 and GLUT9 was measured by real time PCR.Physiochemical properties of the SEM images of niosomes loaded with Tyrosol revealed that the nanoparticles had a vehicular structure. In this study, there were two stages of release: initial release (8 hours) and sustainable release (72 hours). Meanwhile, free form drugs were considerably more toxic than niosomal drugs in terms of their cellular toxicity. An in vivo comparison of oral Tyrosol gavage with nano-Tyrosol showed a significant increase in GCK (P<0.001), GLUT2 (P<0.001), and GLUT9 (P<0.001). Furthermore, nano-Tyrosol decreased the expression of TNF-ɑ (P<0.05), PEPCK (P<0.001), and IL-6 (P<0.05) that had been increased by diabetes mellitus. The results confirmed nano-Tyrosol's anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects.These findings suggest that nano-Tyrosol has potential applications in diabetes treatment and associated inflammation. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanism of action.