AR-Based Educational Software for Nonspeaking Autistic People - A Feasibility Study

Approximately one-third of individuals with autism are nonspeaking: They cannot communicate effectively using speech. Some traditional accounts suggest that these individuals cannot talk because they lack the symbolic capacity for language. And yet, recent studies have shown that these individuals' cognitive abilities are vastly underestimated by standardized tests, and that difficulties with motor skills and movement contribute to their difficulty with speech. One consequence of the traditional accounts of nonspeaking autism is that life skills (rather than academic content) tend to be emphasized in schooling. Without access to meaningful academic content, their educational and vocational opportunities are significantly limited. Recent studies have proposed the use of head-mounted Augmented Reality (AR) applications as a means of providing engaging, customizable, and age-appropriate content to this population. Specifically, such applications can address the unique sensory and motor needs of nonspeaking autistic students, e.g., allow them to move freely around the room as they interact with lessons in the application. This paper describes the design and evaluation of the first AR application aimed to facilitate tailored educational experiences for nonspeaking autistic students. After extensive consultations with nonspeaking people, parents, and professionals, we developed our application to run on HoloLens 2 offering lessons and multiple-choice comprehension and spelling questions. We conducted a study involving five nonspeaking autistic participants and two specialized educators. Through a design critique process and an iterative design refinement approach, we show that most of our participants successfully interacted with the application and completed different types of lesson tasks. Based on quantitative data from the study sessions and qualitative feedback from participants and educators, we provide recommendations for UI and UX design that will promote the development and use of such software for this under-served and under-researched population.