A highly credible and efficient real-time carbon MRV + O system for delicacy management of distributed carbon abatement behaviors

The current monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) and offset (O) systems usually require at least one or two months, which is time-consuming. We proposed a highly efficient real-time MRV + O mechanism based on Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology. This mechanism includes the accounting model for a certain distributed carbon reduction scenario, real-time M system, real-time RV system, and real-time O system, enabling individuals to reliably declare their distributed carbon abatement behaviors in real-time. We modified the existing calculating methodology for carbon reduction published by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and included factors such as air conditioning systems etc., in the selected distributed carbon reduction scenario named battery electric vehicles (BEVs)/hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) driving. In our case study in Shanghai, we analyzed the hourly carbon dioxide emissions reductions based on approximately 20,000 driving records of four different kinds of BEVs/HEVs using our real-time MRV + O framework to verify the effectiveness of our system. We found that the proposed system can achieve hourly analysis and avoid falsified values; BEVs and HEVs could reduce greenhouse emissions by 64.54% and 46.42%, respectively. As public engagement is essential to achieve carbon neutralization in a country, this system can accelerate the sustainable transformation by delicacy management of distributed carbon abatement behaviors.