Generating synthetic images from cone beam computed tomography using self-attention residual UNet for head and neck radiotherapy

Background and purpose: Accurate CT numbers in Cone Beam CT (CBCT) are crucial for precise dose calculations in adaptive radiotherapy (ART). This study aimed to generate synthetic CT (sCT) from CBCT using deep learning (DL) models in head and neck (HN) radiotherapy.Materials and methods: A novel DL model, the 'self-attention-residual-UNet' (ResUNet), was developed for ac-curate sCT generation. ResUNet incorporates a self-attention mechanism in its long skip connections to enhance information transfer between the encoder and decoder. Data from 93 HN patients, each with planning CT (pCT) and first-day CBCT images were used. Model performance was evaluated using two DL approaches (non -adversarial and adversarial training) and two model types (2D axial only vs. 2.5D axial, sagittal, and coronal). ResUNet was compared with the traditional UNet through image quality assessment (Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM)) and dose calculation accuracy evaluation (DVH deviation and gamma evaluation (1 %/1mm)).Results: Image similarity evaluation results for the 2.5D-ResUNet and 2.5D-UNet models were: MAE: 46 +/- 7 HU vs. 51 +/- 9 HU, PSNR: 66.6 +/- 2.0 dB vs. 65.8 +/- 1.8 dB, and SSIM: 0.81 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.79 +/- 0.05. There were no significant differences in dose calculation accuracy between DL models. Both models demonstrated DVH deviation below 0.5 % and a gamma-pass-rate (1 %/1mm) exceeding 97 %.Conclusions: ResUNet enhanced CT number accuracy and image quality of sCT and outperformed UNet in sCT generation from CBCT. This method holds promise for generating precise sCT for HN ART.