Achieving high energy storage performance and efficiency in lead-free SrTiO₃ ceramics via neodymium and lithium co-doping technique

There is an immediate demand for eco-friendly, high-performance, and highly stable energy storage materials for pulse power systems. Ceramics based on SrTiO3 have a high breakdown strength (BDS) and dielectric constant. In this work, we fabricated a polycrystalline of Sr(1-x)(Nd, Li)xTiO(3) ceramics via microwave-assisted heating of the starting materials. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a pure perovskite phase without any secondary phase. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibit dense grain morphology with a decrease in grain size as the dopant concentration increases. The frequency dependences of the dielectric properties were studied in the frequency range of 100 Hz-1 MHz at room temperature. The polarization-electric field hysteresis loops were examined to ascertain the effect of co-doping on the energy-storage capability of SrTiO3 ceramics. After increasing the co-dopants from 0 to 8%, the energy density increased nine times (from 0.11 J/cm(3) to 0.952 J/cm(3)), and the energy storage efficiency increased from 80.71% to 95.98%, respectively. In addition, the samples demonstrate excellent thermal stability, and their energy storage properties are stable up to 80 degrees C. We may infer from this discovery that the bulk Nd3+ and Li+ co-doped SrTiO3 materials are good candidates for high-energy-density capacitor applications.